Controversial Issues During The Pre Civil War - 1284 Words

There were many controversial issues and events during the Pre-Civil War Era that stimulated and contributed to the occurrence of the war. Many of these issues and events were affected by one man in particular during this time, Frederick Douglass. He was an African American slave who ran away to become a free man, and he had considerable influence among the nation. He wrote a narrative about his life as a slave, which had a great impact on society and on the Civil War, but understanding its impact on society requires looking at the history of the nation combined with the effects of Frederick Douglass and his book. Back during the establishment of the colonies, there was a distinct difference between the North and the South. The North had an economy that was run by small family farms. The South had an economy that was run by plantations with cash crops; at this time the cash crop was tobacco. The nation did not come together and form though until the Revolutionary War, but that is of little importance, the regions still had their differences even before they became one nation. After the nation had been formed, they found that their current form of government was not going to sustain them for long. They had to rewrite the rules of the land, and in the process of making these rules, the issues of slavery were already being argued. In the creation of the United States Constitution, many controversial topics and issues were brought up, and among these was slavery. The firstShow MoreRelated Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, And Daniel Webster And Their Differing Vi594 Words   |  3 Pages Perhaps the three most influential men in the pre-Civil War era were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster. These men all died nearly a decade before the civil war began, but they didn’t know how much they would effect it. States’ rights was a very controversial issue, and one which had strong opposition and radical proposals coming from both sides. John C. Calhoun was in favor of giving states the power to nullify laws that they saw unconstitutional, and he presented this theory in hisRead MoreHenry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster and Their Differing Vi618 Words   |  3 PagesPerhaps the three most influential men in the pre-Civil War era were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster. The se men all died nearly a decade before the civil war began, but they didnt know how much they would effect it. States rights was a very controversial issue, and one which had strong opposition and radical proposals coming from both sides. John C. Calhoun was in favor of giving states the power to nullify laws that they saw unconstitutional, and he presented this theory in hisRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of The Civil War1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe causes and effects of the Civil War will be defined through the institution of slavery, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the military leadership of President Lincoln to resolve the uncompromising political position of the South/Confederacy. Lincoln’s â€Å"House Divided† speech will be an important primary source that defines the underlying resistance to the expansion of the slave states into new territories taken by the U.S. government in the 1850s. More so, the uncompromising and an increasingly militaristicRead MoreThe Ba ttle Of The Republican Party Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesresponse to controversial issues within the United States of America. The founders of this political party ‒ anti-slavery Whigs, former Democrats, former members of the Free Soil Party and Know-Nothing Party ‒ helped to identify their ideals prior to the Civil War. Early ideology can be prominently identified as opposition to slavery and its spread into the West. The 1856 Republican Convention claimed the formation of the party was â€Å"in response to the increasing importance of the slavery issue and itsRead More The American Renaissance Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesWalden (1854), and Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass (1855). American Renaissance Literary Masterpieces The American Renaissance, a literary and cultural period circa extending from 1820 to the mid-1860s, gained inspiration from the unresolved issues of the American Revolution. The American Renaissance literary style was coined as Romanticism, an international philosophical movement that redefined the perceptions of Western cultures, and seldom refers to the preconceived notions of love. SomeRead MoreIs The Color Blind?1123 Words   |  5 Pageshold conversations about and can easily become controversial. Instead of easing into these issues and differences that go on between various ethnicities, many members of modern society have adopted a â€Å"color blind† approach to handling these issues. The main point of color blindness is to treat individuals as equals with various factors, such as race and ethnicity, being disregarded. While it is based on good intentions, color blindness avoids the issues surrounding differences ignores the problemsRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleber ry Finn By Mark Twain1035 Words   |  5 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn, an inspiring and controversial novel by Mark Twain, took place decades before the Civil War, a critical time period in America, when slavery was legal and many political issues aroused. During the pre-Civil War era, America underwent a political transition from being undeveloped and agricultural into an industrialized stable nation. Even immediately after the Civil War, when Twain s novel was published, society s social, political, and economic aspects of the NorthRead MoreCivil War Debate On American Rhetoric2775 Words   |  12 Pagesin History 29 October 2014 Words: 2450 150 years later: Civil War Debates in American Rhetoric More than sixty years ago William Faulkner proclaimed in his novel Requiem of a Nun that â€Å"the past is never dead. It’s not even past† (Faulkner). These words reign especially true regarding the impact of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The reasons for the conflict were complex and numerous, but mostly controversial. The men who fought in the War were essentially deciding whether nearly 13% of the populationRead MoreHistory 1511894 Words   |  8 Pagesowners in the 1850s, the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War at the start of the next decade essentially rendered the law meaningless. Yes the majority always Rule When the U.S. Civil War began in 1861, the states in the North who claimed to be beholden to a higher law simply ignored the Fugitive Slave Law. They legally justified this response by claiming that since they were at war with the South, the fugitive slaves were part of the contraband of that war and need not be returned. All slaves gained theirRead MoreThe Changing Definition Of Freedom Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesinalienable right. On the other hand, the Constitution reckons that it purposes to protect civilians’ liberty. The importance of freedom has even stretched further than the political arena and has prompted the birth of civil rights movements and other activist protests. The Cold War and the Civil War were all for the cause of freedom. The importance that Americans attach to freedom can also be demonstrated from the erection of statues, banishment of slavery, use of liberty poles and a right to vote for adults

Foxy Case Study - 1129 Words

1. Discuss the pros and cons to launching the foxy brand in the United States. Pros | Cons | U.S. market is 10 times larger than Canada. With right business model and price, foxy would gain additional revenue and profit. The brand seeks great opportunity to further develop the business, enhance product design as well as company’s brand image. | U.S market is different in terms of tastes for jewellery. American preferred the latest trend regardless of the product’s origin. It might take foxy some time to adapt to different customers and create new product to compete within that larger market. Foxy may face risk in controlling the business from far; where Foxy’s HQ based in Canada. These means that Foxy Original need to build their†¦show more content†¦For each distribution strategy, calculate the unit contribution and contribution margin rate for each of the two products line (necklaces and pairs of earrings). What is the weighted average contribution margin for an order at a trade show and an order with sale representatives? Trade Show | Sales ($) | Unit VC ($) | Unit Contribution Margin | Product Qty | Sales mix (Percentage) | Weighted-average contribution margin | Necklaces | 17 | 8.65 | 8.35 | 25 | 67.57 | 5.64 | Earrings | 12 | 6.75 | 5.25 | 12 | 32.43 | 1.70 | Total | | | | 37 | 100 | 7.34 | S.R. | Sales ($) | Unit VC ($) | Unit Contribution Margin | Product Qty | Sales mix (Percentage) | Weighted-average contribution margin | Necklaces | 17 | 10.60 | 6.40 | 25 | 67.57 | 4.32 | Earrings | 12 | 7.30 | 4.70 | 12 | 32.43 | 1.52 | Total | | | | 37 | 100 | 5.84 | 8. Calculate Foxy’s breakeven point for each distribution strategy Breakeven point for year 2005 a) Trade show Breakeven point TS=94,333.337.34 =12,852Show MoreRelatedThe Construction of Amanda Knox as an Other Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesaversions to subversive behaviour and by focusing resentment and blame on those who defy such institutions. Knox’s construction as an â€Å"Other† was mainly established in relation to the femininity, or lack thereof. Media coverage on the Amanda Knox case and the prosecution’s version of events were viewed almost exclusively through the prism of Knox’s looks and sexuality, as well her propensity for masculine behaviour. It has been noted that Knox was not viewed as a college student who may or may notRead MoreFoxy Originals expansion into the U.S. market Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pages 3/19/2014 Case Study | center3962291Foxy Originals Expansion into The U.S. Market Contents TOC \o 1-3 \h \z \u Executive Summary: PAGEREF _Toc382852169 \h 3Problem statement PAGEREF _Toc382852170 \h 4Analysis PAGEREF _Toc382852171 \h 4Impact Analysis PAGEREF _Toc382852172 \h 5Criteria for an Effective Solution PAGEREF _Toc382852173 \h 5Evaluation of Alternatives PAGEREF _Toc382852174 \h 5Recommendation PAGEREF _Toc382852175 \h 6Action Plan PAGEREF _Toc382852176 \h 7Appendix A PAGEREFRead MoreFoxys Original2060 Words   |  9 Pages1. Discuss the pros and cons to launching the Foxy brand in the United States. PROS: Launching the Foxy brand in the United States would be beneficial to the company because of the sheer size of the market. In comparison to the Canadian market, the U.S market is much larger and includes a larger number of consumers. In addition, those consumers are very interested in attaining nice but affordable products. American consumer culture is concerned with seeking out the lowest-cost, highest-qualityRead More1. Calculate the revised product costs for the four pens, based on the activity information collected by Dempsey935 Words   |  4 PagesCLASSIC PEN COMPANY: DEVELOPING AN ABC MODEL CASE SUMMER 2014 Assignment: This case may be completed in groups of two or individually. You are responsible for finding a partner if you choose to complete the case with another student. Purchase and read the Harvard Business School Case: Classic Pen Company: Developing an ABC Model located at the following link: https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/access/27312446. (Note: The last case for the course, Foxy Originals is also contained in this courseRead MoreChic Soap Distribution Channels1015 Words   |  5 PagesDistribution Channels Case Study Assigned by 1 Target market are Women, Married or in a relationship, between age of 21-45, socioeconomic group A, and located eastern South. Target market can be further segmented according to age, working status, weather or season. Moreover married men are also potential customers as they would buy the product as a gift. Special gift packaging would be attractive, maybe a non-polished, light in colour wooden box containing an organic irregular Loofa texturedRead MoreAmanda Knox Case : The Trial Of The Century1540 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Knox Case The Amanda Knox case is one of the most widely known cases for its high profile nature and more importantly, its controversial miscarriage of justice and is branded as the ‘Trial of the Century’. Meredith Kercher was a British study abroad student and arrived in Italy in August 2007 to study at the University of Perugia (Fisher, 2011). Only months after arriving Kercher was found â€Å"under a blood-soaked duvet cover . . . with her throat slashed† in her house in Perugia on NovemberRead MoreAmanda Knox and the Media Essay4980 Words   |  20 PagesKnox is an American student who was studying abroad in Italy when was accused and convicted of murdering her roommate, Meredith Kercher, and was found innocent of the crimes after serving four years in an Italian prison. The scrutiny surrounding this case is one of media influence and how it set her fate. Knox was not able to get a fair trial in Italy because of the negative image the media painted of her. With no c oncrete evidence, people believed she was guilty because of the horrible and twistedRead More A fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal: Does physical appearance of a defendant influence juridical judgement?2885 Words   |  12 Pagesmanslaughter case. Whereas, it was not seen as significant on the unattractive defendant in the theft case, this finding is counterintuitive to the hypothesis however, one can speculate that being attractive may be more beneficial to those that are on trial for a serious crime. The implications here could be down to the serious consequences to the defendant’s life if they found guilty for manslaughter, when in actual fact it may not be entirely their fault. 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She also established a relationship with a guy she meant at a theatrical performance; his name was Robert Sollecito. On the night of Halloween all roommates had gone out to celebrate the afterlife, for it is a big holiday in the Italian culture. All roommates, except

Get Research Critique & Critical Analysis Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Research Critique for Critical Analysis. Answer: The essay is about critical analysis of two literature articles that support research development. It is done by the adopting the process of research critique. It is a systematic way of reviewing a research article to highlight the strength and weakness of the study and its usefulness in real world practice. It is necessary for professionals to identify the best research that it relevant to current practice and critiquing research helps in evaluating the research finding (Sturm Antonakis, 2015). The purpose of this essay is to critically analyze qualitative and quantitative research articles. It first starts with defining the term research critique and then explains the way this process is carried to determine the usefulness in professional practice. For the critique of each of the two articles, the reviewer first provides the summary of the article and then critiques the compulsory section of the articles according to the relevant framework for qualitative and quantitative research . It also critiques the three optional parts of each article which are the introduction section, the discussion part and the literature review section. After the analysis, the reviewer describes how these findings relate to professional practice Aotearoa/ New Zealand. The research critique process is the systematic way of reviewing a research study by identifying the gaps and strengths of the study. It may be done for a variety of purpose. Firstly it helps to assess whether a research paper is effective enough to be published. It is a way of guiding any researcher where an expert reviewer can comment on his work and suggest the improvement that can be possible. In other situation, this process acts a learning experience both for the reviewer as well as the researcher (Vance et al., 2013). A person involved in critiquing an article must have critical thinking skill and also in-depth knowledge of the subject to understand the intricacies of the work. A successful critiquing of research will depend on a balanced appraisal. This means reviewer needs to identify both the merits and demerits of the study as well as its applicability in real-world professional practice (Polit Beck, 2013). A balanced appraisal can be possible only when reviewer applies h is logic and goal in analyzing the systematic method of investigation present in the research article (Silverman, 2013).Thus, it helps in the unbiased way of examination of different elements of research according to different professional context. A reviewer can use different tools or framework to help them critique research articles. The credibility of the research depends on how well the researcher has presented the study. This can be done by raising questions like is the purpose of research clearly identified?, is the report concise and cohesive?, is it logically analyzed? and other types of question (Mertens, 2014). The first qualitative research article by Jeffery Pickler, (2014) investigated nurses perceived barrier to adherence of Central Venous Catheter (CVC) care practices. The study was done by the descriptive phenomenological method by taking an interview with ten nurses and analyzing the data using Colaizzis method. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the factors that lead to non-adherence of CVC guideline in nurses. The data from the interview was divided into different themes, and the result showed the inaction by organization and attitude of the nurse as a barrier in following CVC guideline. On analysis of first article (compulsory section), it is seen that researcher has chosen the accurate method for investigating the topic. The phenomenological pilot study was credible because the researcher used strategic inclusion and exclusion criteria to inquire into the matter. The accuracy of the data was also maintained by analyzing it using the Colaizzi method. The link between research aim and results is consistent as the results showed that barrier is present both within the health care environment as well as within nurses cognitive skill too (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). One surprising finding was that nurses did not entirely blame it on the organization, they realize that they also lack the skill too. Thus, a coherent account of the topic was accurately presented by the researcher. A survey study by Jansson et al., (2013) on the same topic showed that experience nurses adhere more to guideline than the less experienced nurses. Therefore, the recommendation of the above article matched the survey study by stating that nurses should be properly educated and updated about CVC guideline to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. The introduction section of the first article initiates with the report of patients dying in hospitals due to different types of medical errors. The researcher has rightly started the topic by stating the problem and making everyone understand the reason for which this study is important. The rationale for the research became evident by emphasizing the role of the nurse in error education. It clearly highlighted what has so far been done to reduce error, but also stated that minimum investigation had been done to find the barriers that discourage nurse from accepted the standard of practice guideline (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). Thus, the significance of the study became apparent after reading the introduction part. Research by Ullman et al., (2014) also explains in the introduction part that evidence-based guideline on catheter-related bloodstream infection is present, it is known how widely it is practiced. The researcher has thoroughly reviewed relevant literature related to the topic which outlined the current knowledge of the topic. While some article documented the gap in knowledge of nursing practice, others suggested the lack of resources as a barrier in the following guideline (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). However, one major limitation of the research is that has presented the stepwise summary of each literature, but the critical review is missing as the gap and strengths of each literature has not been identified by the researcher. The article in the barrier to nurse use of clinical practice guideline is an example of integrated review where relevant literature has been critically appraised by using CASP (Critical Skill Appraisal Program) tools (Jun et al., 2016). On critical analysis of discussion section of the first article, it was found that the research led to the development of knowledge in the area of investigation. One can interpret this by the fact that the barrier was present both internally within the nurse as well as the organization. The researcher also reported that their result matched with other existing literature in the area of time demands, documentation and resource availability in the clinical setting (Jeffery Pickler, 2014). However, weakness and strengths of the study have not been mentioned which is a major drawback of the study. Similar research by Howarth et al., (2016) is an example which states gap identification is also a crucial element of research as it helps to determine the future scope of the finding in professional practice. The second article is a quantitative article on the topic of comparative evaluation of antimicrobial-coated and non-antimicrobial coated peripherally inserted the central catheter (PICC) on patient outcome. Storey et al., (2016) investigated on this topic by the process of the randomized controlled trail. Patients in 3 high risks were randomly assigned to use Chlorhexidine (CHG) impregnated or non-CHG PICC line. The laboratory data was collected and reviewed daily to determine the presence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) or venous thromboembolism (VTE). The assessment was completed on 167 patients, and the result showed that no significant differences were noted in the development of infection between CHG and non-CHG groups. The quantitative article on comparative evaluation of the impact of CHG-impregnated and non-CHG impregnated PICC line is a comprehensive work by the author in which information flows in a coherent manner. Data was accurately collected without diverting away from the purpose of research. The insertion time of both types of PICC was noted, and assessment of infection was done daily. The randomized controlled trial study separately examined the impact of both types of PICC lines. It is a constructive research where limitation and weakness of finding have been specified explicitly. Detailed data on types of infection has been provided and its served the purpose of research by stating that CHG or non-CHG PICC line do not have to show any difference in the development of CLABSI or VTE (Storey et al., 2016). It also provided the scope of finding by stating that study with the larger sample is needed to validate the findings. The usefulness of this study is evident from the fact that another research on the same topic by Mikolajczak et al., (2016) showed that more action is required in the correct application of PICC line rather than coating it with antimicrobials. The researcher has proved his efficacy by the presentation of detailed introduction on the topic of PICC and the purpose for which investigation in this area is critical. The problem or issue faced in the hospital setting has been articulated well by the researcher by the stating that CLABSI or VTE infection is a significant burden and cost to the health care system. It showed the significant of this research by highlighting that CHG-impregnated PICC line reduced the infection rate, but the researcher has not examined its impact on infection (Storey et al., 2016). A quantitative article on the similar topic by Armstrong et al., (2013) introduced the study by clearly stating that PICC use in burn patients has the risk of serious bloodstream infection. Thus relevant to their scope of the study, the researcher studied the impact of PICC on bacteremia rate in the burn center. Any researcher mostly reviews the literature to investigate which area has been already researched on the topic and which part has been neglected. For the research article on PICC line, the author has not developed the literature on the direct topic but on the techniques adopted to prevent CLABSIs (Storey et al., 2016). However, the reason for this was clearly stated in the end by expressing that there is the lack of research on the impact of PICC on CLABSI or VTE development. Therefore, literature review section mainly provided detail on insertion techniques and management of PICC lines. Jock et al., (2016) also suggested that goal of reaching zero infection is possible by the implementation of change in practice as well bringing new products in the central line. The discussion part of the article on impact CHG impregnated PICC line fulfills the purpose of research by stating that development of CLABSI or VTE does not depend on the type of PICC line. The researcher is aware of the correct protocol of research as it shows that the strengths of the study lie in its study design. This type of assessment of the impact of PICC line has never been done before. The researcher has also highlighted the limitation of the study by stating that there might be inconsistency in statistical data due to small sample size and data collection from a single institution (Storey et al., 2016). The research finding was also compared with other studies and according to that differences were found in the data. In some study, the impact was investigated on the antibiotic combination of PICC with Minocycline and Rifampin instead of CHG (Yousif et al., 2016). The quantitative and qualitative article on management of CVC by nurses will be useful for bringing change in nursing practice in New Zealand. The research finding will be useful because many death also occurs in New Zealand healthcare setting due to the bloodstream infection. A similar type of research is also done in New Zealand by Restieaux et al., (2013) who described the current approach to preventing extravasations injury or blood stream infection in the neonatal intensive care unit. A survey on central venous catheter practices in New Zealand by McDonald et al., (2014) suggests that there is diversity in current guidelines for the use of PICC. There it highlighted the fact that the introduction of a common guideline may improve adherence to CVC care practice in nurses. Another research by Ullman et al., (2014) studied the extent to which New Zealand intensive care units have adopted CLABSI prevention practices. Thus, from critiques research on quantitative and qualitative research article, the problem of blood stream infection due to the use of CVC in intensive care unit came to the forefront. The critical analysis of both the literature helped to find important data regarding the reasons due to which infection develops in the patient. It also highlighted the fact that many nurses do not adhere to the CVC guidelines because of inaction by the health care organization and their lack of cognitive skills. The evaluation of PICC line gave important information that infection does not depend on types of PICC used. Thus infection has linked the management of PICC lines and in future, the hospitals should work in this area to train nurse on the management of PICC line. The essay also gave validity of research finding in nursing practice in New Zealand with support from the similar study done in New Zealand. Reference Armstrong, S. D., Thomas, W., Neaman, K. C., Ford, R. D., Paulson, J. (2013). The impact of antibiotic impregnated PICC lines on the incidence of bacteremia in a regional burn center.Burns,39(4), 632-635. Howarth, D., Glynos, J., Griggs, S. (2016). Discourse, explanation and critique.Critical Policy Studies, 1-6. Jansson, M., Ala-Kokko, T., Ylipalosaari, P., Syrjl, H., Kyngs, H. (2013). Critical care nurses knowledge of, adherence to and barriers towards evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumoniaA survey study.Intensive and Critical Care Nursing,29(4), 216-227. Jeffery, A. D., Pickler, R. H. (2014). Barriers to nurses adherence to central venous catheter guidelines.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(7/8), 429-435. Jock, L., Emery, L., Jameson, L., Woods, P. A. (2016). Journey to Zero Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections: An Intensive Care Unit's Story of Sustained Success and Quality Improvement.Journal of the Association for Vascular Access,21(2), 76-80. Jun, J., Kovner, C. T., Stimpfel, A. W. (2016). Barriers and facilitators of nurses use of clinical practice guidelines: An integrative review.International Journal of Nursing Studies,60, 54-68. McDonald, S. J., Taylor, J. E., Tan, K. (2014). A survey of central venous catheter practices in Australian and New Zealand tertiary neonatal units.Australian Critical Care,27(1), 36-42. Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013).Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Restieaux, M., Maw, A., Broadbent, R., Jackson, P., Barker, D., Wheeler, B. (2013). Neonatal extravasation injury: prevention and management in Australia and New Zealand-a survey of current practice.BMC pediatrics,13(1), 1. Silverman, D. (2013).Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited. Storey, S., Brown, J., Foley, A., Newkirk, E., Powers, J., Barger, J., Paige, K. (2016). A comparative evaluation of antimicrobial coated versus nonantimicrobial coated peripherally inserted central catheters on associated outcomes: A randomized controlled trial.American journal of infection control,44(6), 636-641. Sturm, R. E., Antonakis, J. (2015). Interpersonal Power A Review, Critique, and Research Agenda.Journal of Management,41(1), 136-163. Ullman, A. J., Long, D. A., Rickard, C. M. (2014). Prevention of central venous catheter infections: A survey of paediatric ICU nurses' knowledge and practice.Nurse education today,34(2), 202-207. Vance, D. E., Talley, M., Azuero, A., Pearce, P. F., Christian, B. J. (2013). Conducting an article critique for a quantitative research study: perspectives for doctoral students and other novice readers.Nursing: Research and Reviews,3, 67-75. Yousif, A., Chaftari, A. M., Michael, M., Jordan, M., Al Hamal, Z., Hussain, A., ... Raad, I. (2016). The influence of using antibiotic-coated peripherally inserted central catheters on decreasing the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infections.American journal of infection control.

The Workings and Structure of the Heart Essay Example For Students

The Workings and Structure of the Heart Essay IntroductionFor homeostasis to remain balanced throughout the body millions of respiring cells need to discard carbon dioxide and waste products and also replenish with oxygen and nutrients. For this transaction to occur a complex transportation network called the cardiovascular system initiates. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries and veins. The heart is a double pumping organ which is the driving force of the cardiovascular system, although only weighing approximately three hundred grams the heart is powerful enough to beat over seventy times a minute pumping blood around the body. The heart is located on the left hand side of the diaphragm lying within the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity. Resembling a pyramid on an oblique angle the heart is hollow and composed of three layers, myocardium, endocardium and pericardium. Myocardium formulates the majority of the heart; this is composed of specialised cardiac muscle occurring only in the heart. Endocardium is a smooth delicate membrane, which lines the interior surface of the heart chambers and valves, and the pericardium; which is a connective tissue, this acts as a protective barrier, the fibrous pericardium fuses with arteries which pass through it to form attachments which help to anchor the heart to its surrounding structures The interior of the heart is divided into two sides the right and left, nearly mirror image of each other a few differences can be recorded (see conclusion).Figure 1As figure 1 shows there is a complex network of arteries and veins which branch into the heart. It is through these arteries and veins that blood is transported throughout the body. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues and cells throughout the body whereas the veins carry deoxygenated blood received to the heart. We will write a custom essay on The Workings and Structure of the Heart specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As the heart is attached only by soft tissue it can change position in the diaphragm while it contracts and relaxes (diastole and systole) as in figure 2 and 3. Figure 2Figure 3For a better understanding of the structure and workings of the heart a heart dissection was performed, below are the conclusions gathered from the experiment. Conclusionso Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral sides of the heart. (The ventral side is more rounded than the dorsal side, and the thick walled arteries arise from this side). Note:The right and left atria (auricles) and right and left ventricles,Pulmonary artery and aorta arising from right and left ventricles,Anterior and posterior vena cava opening into right atrium,Coronary vessels in the heart wall,Figure 4 shows the ventral side of the heart clearly showing the pulmonary artery and aorta, the left and right atria and ventricles and the coronary vessels of the heart wall. Figure 4o Clamp posterior vena cava, then run water through anterior vena cava, from the water runs through the pulmonary artery, this is the route of the pulmonary circulation which receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation and transported to the lungs to be oxygenated. Now run water through the pulmonary vein, which vessel does the water emerge?The water runs through the aorta, this is the route of the systemic circulation, the systemic circulation takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to oxygenise respiring cells throughout the body. Figure 5Figure 5 shows the systemic circulation in red and the pulmonary circulation in blue. o Expose the left ventricle by a longitudinal cut through ventral wall of the ventricle, note your findings. Through the cut in the left ventricle wall the following observations were recorded. (see figure 3) The left ventricular walls were visible, consisting of thick myocardium (cardiac muscle); the reason for the thickness of the left ventricle is because the left ventricle is responsible for the pumping of blood at high hydrostatic pressure throughout the systemic arterial system. .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 , .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .postImageUrl , .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 , .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07:hover , .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07:visited , .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07:active { border:0!important; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07:active , .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07 .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9db23aeec6cd0b14f572de3a19faaa07:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Innocence of Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird EssayThe bicuspid valve, this valve is used to prevent backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium. Chordae tendinae, used to anchor the flaps of the bicuspid valve to the papillary muscle to prevent the valve turning inside out due to pressure. Papillary muscle, this is part of the myocardium of the ventricle and contains irregular shaped columns called trabeculane carnae. o Turn the heart upside down and run water into the ventricle through the slit you have cut, note your findings. The water ran through the aorta, as the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta to be transferred via the systemic circulation. Figure 6 shows the interior of the heart. Figure 6o now turn the heart the right way up, run water through into the cut end of the aorta, note your findings The water appeared through the trabeculare carnae (irregular shaped columns in the papillary muscle) as a shower. o Cut open the left atrium and aorta by continuing your ventricular cut upwards, note your findings. Through the extended cut in the left ventricle the following were visible. Left atrium (auricle) this is the chamber which lies superior to the left ventricle, smaller than the right atrium (auricle) this houses the pulmonary veins which bring oxygenated blood from the lungs. The aortic valve (semi-lunar) this prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle. The pulmonary vein which returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to be pumped around the body in the systemic circulation. o Expose the interior of the right ventricle by a longitudinal slit through ventral wall, note your findings. The cut in the right ventricle exposed: (see figure 3) The right ventricle wall was visible consisting of thinner myocardium (cardiac muscle) than the left ventricle this is due to less hydrostatic pressure required to push blood into the pulmonary artery, this is known as the pulmonary circulation. Tricuspid valve this is to prevent backflow of blood into the right atrium from the right ventricle. Chordinae tendinae used to anchor the flaps of the tricuspid valve to the papillary muscle this is to prevent the valve been turned inside out by pressure. Papillary muscle part of the myocardium and contain fewer trabeculare carnae than the left ventricle. The right ventricle has a larger funnel shaped area of smooth wall known as the conus arteriosus or infunibulum. o Slit open the right atrium and pulmonary artery by continuing your ventricular slit upwards, note your findings. Through the extended slit in the right ventricle clearly visible was: The right atrium, this is larger than the left atrium the two great veins (superior and inferior) vena cava deposit deoxygenated blood from around the body into the right atria. The pulmonary valve, this prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle. Coronary sinus which returns blood from the cardiac veins to the heart. o Note the opening of the coronary vein on the left hand side of the atrium; it is possible you may see a small oval depression this is the fossa ovalis, what do you suppose this is? The fossa ovalis is situated in the interatial septum (dividing wall of atria). During the stage of foetal development the blood flow is different from a newborn. The blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium to be pumped around the body, this is made possible by a connecting tube called the foramen ovale, when a newborn baby inhales its first breath of air the pressure closes the foramen ovale and leaves behind the fossa ovalis, on some occasions a gap may be left this is referred to as a hole in the heart. Figure 7 shows the depression of the fossa ovalis situated in the right atriumFigure 7o Do you expect the foetal heart to differ from the adult heart? Why? Yes the foetal heart differs from the adult heart. .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c , .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .postImageUrl , .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c , .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c:hover , .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c:visited , .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c:active { border:0!important; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c:active , .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueffedc032972b8f77bed3361b738fa8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legalize Marijuana EssayThe foetus although fully formed at twelve weeks is reliant on its mother until birth; the remaining twenty eight weeks are spent with maturation of the foetuss tissues and organs. The foetuss heart forms in the embryonic stage, beginning to beat at around week eight of gestation; although the heart is fully functional at this stage the lungs which play an essential part in the oxygenisation of blood in the cardiovascular system are not functional until birth. As the blood still needs to reoxygenise respiring cells a temporary substitute is the placenta, often referred to as the foetal lung it is responsible for filtering and supplying the foetus wi th oxygen and nutrients received from the maternal blood. For this process to take place the route the blood takes through the body needs to be diverted away from the lungs, as described above the foramen ovale passes blood through the interracial septum from the right atria to the left atria, this enables blood to bypass the right ventricle which intern stops the blood being pumped up the pulmonary artery. There is also a bypass system which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta; this called the ductus arteriosous which again enables blood to bypass the lungs. The ductus arteriosous and the foramen ovale close at birth with the first breath of the infant, this results in the two circulations of the heart (systemic and pulmonary) working alongside each other to bring homeostasis to the body.